![]() ![]() Podkreślano natomiast losy szczątków zabitego Rzymianina – zwłaszcza jego odciętej głowy. Część podzielała wersje rzymskie i rzymski punkt widzenia. Krassus zmarł w sposób mało godny, nie pozostawiając po sobie żadnych ostatnich słów, nie zdobywając się na żaden symboliczny gest. Był to standardowy wybieg w przypadku narracji o militarnych niepowodzeniach. Kładziono nacisk na wszelkie potknięcia Krassusa jako wodza, czyniąc go w ten sposób odpowiedzialnym za klęskę. Wersje łacińskie podkreślały partyjską brutalność i podstępność mniej koncentrując się na osobie triumwira i porażce. Licinius Crassus) nie zachowały się, ale na podstawie późniejszych informacji można zrekonstruować kierunki rozwoju narracji o zgonie triumwira i podstawowych czynnikach kształtujących ją. Co prawda najstarsze przekazy o bitwie i śmierci M. ![]() Z tego powodu łacińscy autorzy na plan pierwszy wysunęli temat zemsty. Z punktu widzenia historiografii łacińskiej narracja o porażce służyła przede wszystkim uzasadnianiu kolejnych antypartyjskich posunięć militarnych lub dyplomatycznych. Pogrom rzymskich legii w bitwie pod Karrami (Carrhae) jest zazwyczaj postrzegany jako punkt zwrotny rzymskiego imperializmu. The final part of the paper propose a 3D reconstruction of the cult complex, based on all available historical and archaeological data and using the ancient architectural principles. Mentioning also some votive altars at Porolissum ornamented with the crowsteps motif, of Oriental origin, is proposed the activity at Porolissum of a carving workshop whose masters were Orientals who saw the original monuments in Palmyra and worked for the local Palmyrene community. The analyze of the two stone elements shows that their origins are to be found in the Oriental civilizations, as well as their symbolic meaning. There are analyzed two architectural elements (a Corinthian capital with human protome and an ornamented merlon) which offered the occasion to the authors to introspect the deep cultural roots of the monument and of the religious cult performend by the Palmyrene community to whom the temple and the banqueting hall from the vicinity belonged. At the same time is not accepted the hypothesis of a Christian basilica built over the temple sometimes in the 4th century. After the history of research, they are discussing the chronology and the construction phases of the temple, They reject the initial existence of the temple of Liber Pater under the temple of Bel, as no evidence for such a situation exists. The authors are reopening the file of a monument at Porolissum long time ago archaeologically investigated. What is more surprising, within this trend Crassus had been brought to life: he suffered mors aurata alive! The late antique authors just reworked an element of the narration present already in the Livian version. developed into a moralizing narration about punished greed. This motive was known to the Latin readers as well and in the 4th century A.D. Some of the authors of course shared the Roman view, but the other developed a story of a post-mortem fate of Crassus. It was not a dignified death of a Roman politician, leader or a Roman. Crassus died during a retreat, after his soldiers mutinied, cheated by the Parthians, having no time and opportunity to deliver any last words or perform any symbolic gesture. Too accurate depiction was not necessary and undesirable. This is the main reason to describe him as a careless general. The Latin versions stressed Parthian brutality and deceit, while paying less attention to the triumvir himself – and it was a justifiable step – and Crassus’ lost. Although the earliest reports on the matter have not survived to our time, thanks to indirect or direct mentions it is possible to reconstruct the narrations about Crassus’ death. It is especially manifest when descriptions of M. This is why Latin-writing authors stressed a motif of revenge. For the Latin historiography of the period the defeat was primarily a pretext to justify next military or quasi-military actions. But this is a view of the modern historiography. The defeat at Carrhae is usually seen as a turning point of the Roman imperialism.
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